Stoicism And Epicureanism Essay Example For Students

Stoicism And Epicureanism Essay With their philosophical roots grounded in ancient Greece, Stoicism and Epicureanism had contrary yet significant impacts on Roman society. These two philosophies differed in many of their basic theories. Stoics attempted to reach a moral level where they had freedom from passion, while Epicureans strove for pleasure and avoided all types of pain. Stoics like the Epicureans, emphasized ethics as the main field of knowledge, but they also developed theories of logic and natural science to support their ethical doctrines. Epicurus, the founder of Epicureanism, saw death as a total extinction with no afterlife to ensue, he regarded the universe as infinite and eternal and as consisting only of space and atoms; where the soul or mind is constructed of indestructible parts that can never be destroyed. He sought to free humanity from the fear of death and of the gods, which he considered the main cause of unhappiness. We will write a custom essay on Stoicism And Epicureanism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Lucretius, a famous Epicurean poet, took a stand against the superstitions and fears that the Romans had toward the state religion. He claimed that religion and the fear of gods was what caused unhappiness. Lucretius wrote a story where the Greek princess Iphigeneia was killed by her father Agamemnon, with the hope that he could win the favor of the gods by sacrificing his own daughter. In this case religion stood with all that power for wickedness . . .too many times /religion mothers crime and wickedness; (Lucretius 452). The Romans at that time saw themselves as laying foully groveling on earth, weighed down /by grim religion looming from the skies, threatening mortal men;(Lucretius 451). Epicureanism offered some Roman people something that they could seek in order to escape the fears of the gods and religion in general. Epicureans physics was atomistic; meaning that the entire universe merely consisted of atoms and the space or void in which the atoms floated, collided, and whirled about. Lucretius wrote that not all bodily matter is tightly packed /by natures law, for theres a void in things. By void I mean vacant and empty space, /something you cannot touch; (Lucretius 456). For if the universe were comprised of only matter, then nothing would ever move, because it is the nature of matter to remain immobile until acted upon by an outside force. Without the open space, or void, nothing could have been made or brought to life. Epicureans held then that there were only two forms in the entire universe, matter, and void; and both had to exist only in their own entirety in complete absence of the other. This led Lucretius to write where space exists, or what we call the void, /matter cannot be found; what substance holds /void cannot occupy . . . therefore atoms are solid and voidless . . . and if ther e is a void, it has to be surrounded by solid material; (Lucretius 458). This was one of the essential theories of Epicurean belief. With this fundamental background of the universe, Lucretius could then convince the Roman people that gods did not create the universe, or even run their lives, but that the matter and void controlled the universe.Lucretius held firm with the belief that fear and superstitions of the gods were the main causes of unhappiness. His characterization of the universe as an accidental collection of atoms moving in the void, and his insistence that the soul is not a distinct, immaterial entity but a chance combination of atoms that does not survive the body, and also his postulation of purely natural causes for earthly phenomena are all calculated to prove that the world is not directed by the divine agency and that fear of the supernatural is consequently without reasonable foundation. He wrote that our starting-point shall be this principle: /nothing at all is ever born from nothing /by the gods will; (Lucretius 453). He opposed the public idea that the gods had created the universe, and t hat they were the reason for the things that happened to the people on earth. Lucretius did not deny the existence of gods, but he conceived of them as having no concern with the affairs or destiny of mortals. Many Epicureans began to believe much of Epicurus principles; that atoms themselves, since they are absent of all void, must be everlasting. Were this not true of matter, long ago /everything would have crumbled into nothing /and things we see today have been restored /from nothing; I have proved /nothing can be created out of nothing. /Also, that nothing can be brought to nothing; (Lucretius 459). Since nothing can ever be brought to nothing no visible object dies; /nature from one thing brings another forth, and out of death new life is born; (Lucretius 456). This idea of regeneration means that whenever something dies, it helps to create life in another organism. Although an object is dead, the atoms that the object was composed of are still alive, but not in the form or ap pearance of the original object. Objects might be resolved to their basic atoms /but never are they utterly destroyed; (Lucretius 454). With the concept that atoms composed the universe and therefore gods had no say in their daily lives, Epicureans lived their lives without the fear of an afterlife. Lucretius defied the Roman government and state religion with his principle that fear of death caused people to commit acts that they would not normally commit. He maintained that there was no life after death, and that people should not worry about death. He professed that:The fear of Acheron (Hades) /must, first and foremost, be dismissed; this fear /troubles the life of man from its lowest depths, /stains everything with deaths black darkness, leaves /no pleasure pure and clear; it drives a man /to violate honor, or to break the bonds /of friendship, and, in general, overthrow /all of the decencies. Men have betrayed /their country or their parents, desperate /to avoid the realms of A cheron. (Lucretius 460-1) If the fear of dying and the fear of being punished in hell were eliminated, then death /is nothing to us, has to relevance /to our condition, seeing that the mind /is mortal; (Lucretius 466). Although Epicureans were taught not to worry about or fear death, it is still the nature of humans to stay alive for as long as possible. Lucretius wrote how sweet it is, /to watch, from land, the danger of another, /not that to see some other person suffer /brings great enjoyment, but the sweetness lies /in watching evils you yourself are free from; (Lucretius 464). Even though they would rather watch someone else in peril rather than themselves, they still realized that if you keep living on /for centuries, if you never die at all, /whats in it for you but the same old story /always, and always; (Lucretius 469)? They knew that death was inevitable, but they still wanted to have pleasure for as long as they could. This theory was completely opposite that of the Stoic s. .u34ab27c3e7480930592199f92b807c76 , .u34ab27c3e7480930592199f92b807c76 .postImageUrl , .u34ab27c3e7480930592199f92b807c76 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u34ab27c3e7480930592199f92b807c76 , .u34ab27c3e7480930592199f92b807c76:hover , .u34ab27c3e7480930592199f92b807c76:visited , .u34ab27c3e7480930592199f92b807c76:active { border:0!important; } .u34ab27c3e7480930592199f92b807c76 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u34ab27c3e7480930592199f92b807c76 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u34ab27c3e7480930592199f92b807c76:active , .u34ab27c3e7480930592199f92b807c76:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u34ab27c3e7480930592199f92b807c76 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u34ab27c3e7480930592199f92b807c76 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u34ab27c3e7480930592199f92b807c76 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u34ab27c3e7480930592199f92b807c76 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u34ab27c3e7480930592199f92b807c76:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u34ab27c3e7480930592199f92b807c76 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u34ab27c3e7480930592199f92b807c76 .u34ab27c3e7480930592199f92b807c76-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u34ab27c3e7480930592199f92b807c76:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Forensic psychology EssayStoics, like the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, based their lives on the fact that it is better to suffer wrong than to do wrong. They believed in a universal brotherhood through reason without revelation, and an ethic duty based on their own self-discipline and without hope of reward or fear of punishment in another world. Stoics were known for their extreme sense of duty and their indifference to all pleasures. The Stoic ethical teaching, originated by the Greek philosopher Zeno, is based upon two principles; first, that the universe is governed by absolute law, which admits of no exceptions, and second, that the essential nature of hum ans is reason. Both are summed up in the famous Stoic proverb, Live according to nature. This means, in the first place, that men should conform themselves to nature in the wider sense, that is, to the laws of the universe, and secondly, that they should conform their actions to nature in the narrower sense, to their own essential nature, reason. These two expressions mean, for the Stoics, the same thing. Stoics held that living according to nature or reason is living in conformity with the divine order of the universe. This Stoic view was fundamental to the theory of natural law that powerfully affected Roman jurisprudence. Marcus Aurelius believed that nature was the center of all things. He wrote, o nature from you are all things, in you are all things, to you all things return; (Aurelius 512). They lived according to nature, not concerning themselves with many of the worries that other Romans were experiencing. Stoics were typically very tough and determined people, they stood up to emperors and accepted death rather than take part in anything they regarded as wrong. Aurelius wrote that, no man can hinder you from living according to the reason of your own nature: nothing will happen to you contrary to the reason of the universal nature; (Aurelius 512). Therefore, if they stood up for what they believed, then the person could either kill them or allow them to do what they believed was right. Either way would comply with the reason of the universal nature.; Stoics, like Epicureans aimed for happiness, not in pleasure, but in wisdom. A wisdom by which to control what lies within human power to accept with dignified resignation what had to be. They could not, and did not want to control the events of their lives, but they could control the attitudes that they had toward them. Socrates was a model of Stoic thought when as he was sentenced to death, he said, the difficulty my friends, is not to avoid death, but to avoid unrighteousness; for that runs faster than death; (Plato 311). Aurelius held that since it is possible that you may depart from life this very moment, direct every act and thought accordingly; (Aurelius 520). They lived their lives in a carpe diem; type lifestyle; where they lived for the present, neither for the past nor for the future, making the best of every day that they lived. The Stoics had a great sense of duty, which was the result of their desire to always do what was virtuous. They believed that a man should always have two rules in readiness; one, to do only what the reason of the ruling faculty may suggest, the other, to change his opinion, if there is any one at hand who sets him right and moves him from any opinion; (Aurelius 513). Stoics followed the orders that they were given unless those orders went against their beliefs. They did not always think that their way was the best way, in some situations someone else might know better what to d o, and in those situations Stoics often changed their opinion. Aurelius wrote in his Thoughts,; If you work at that which is before you . . . expecting nothing, fearing nothing, but satisfied with your present activity according to nature, and with heroic truth in every word and sound which you utter, you will live happy; (Aurelius 514). This perfectly describes the Stoic lifestyle; do what you have to do without any expectations or fears of what is to come, and do it with integrity, then life is happiness. The Stoic and Epicurean philosophies both made major impacts on all of Greek and Roman thought, although they were very different. Epicureans solely endeavored to obtain pleasure. They also believed that the world was filled solely of atoms and the void in which they are surrounded. They thought that life ended after death, with no afterlife or god to fear. Stoics on the contrary were indifferent to all types of pleasure, often putting themselves in danger for their beliefs. Stoi cs lived according to nature claiming that it was in conformity with the divine order of the universe. Epicurean philosophy defined the time in which it was created, where life was thought only to be full of pleasure without any fear punishment in any life after death, while Stoic philosophy went against the normal desires of humans to seek pleasure.

Biography of Curtis LeMay, U.S. Air Force General

Biography of Curtis LeMay, U.S. Air Force General Curtis LeMay (November 15, 1906NOctober 1, 1990) was a U.S. Air Force general who became famous for leading a bombing campaign in the Pacific during World War II. After the war, he served as the leader of the Strategic Air Command, the U.S. military division responsible for most of the countrys nuclear weapons. LeMay later ran as George Wallaces running mate in the 1968 presidential election. Fast Facts: Curtis LeMay Known For: LeMay was an important U.S. Army Air Corps leader during World War II and led the Strategic Air Command during the early years of the Cold War.Born: November 15, 1906 in Columbus, OhioParents: Erving and Arizona LeMayDied: October 1, 1990 at March Air Force Base, CaliforniaEducation: Ohio State University (B.S. in Civil Engineering)Awards and Honors: U.S. Distinguished Service Cross, French Legion of Honour, British Distinguished Flying CrossSpouse: Helen Estelle Maitland (m. 1934–1992)Children: Patricia Jane LeMay Lodge Early Life Curtis Emerson LeMay was born on November 15, 1906, in Colombus, Ohio, to Erving and Arizona LeMay. Raised in his hometown, LeMay later attended Ohio State University, where he studied civil engineering and was a member of the National Society of Pershing Rifles. In 1928, after graduating, he joined the U.S. Army Air Corps as a flying cadet and was sent to Kelly Field, Texas, for flight training. The following year, LeMay received his commission as a second lieutenant in the Army Reserve. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the regular army in 1930. Military Career First assigned to the 27th Pursuit Squadron at Selfridge Field, Michigan, LeMay spent the next seven years in fighter assignments until he was transferred to bombers in 1937. While serving with the 2nd Bomb Group, LeMay participated in the first mass flight of B-17s to South America, which won the group the Mackay Trophy for outstanding aerial achievement. He also worked to pioneer air routes to Africa and Europe. A relentless trainer, LeMay subjected his aircrews to constant drills, believing this was the best way to save lives in the air. His approach earned him the nickname Iron Ass. World War II Following the outbreak of World War II, LeMay, then a lieutenant colonel, set about training the 305th Bombardment Group and led them as they deployed to England in October 1942 as part of the Eighth Air Force. While leading the 305th in battle, LeMay helped develop key defensive formations such as the combat box, which was used by B-17s during missions over occupied Europe. Given command of the 4th Bombardment Wing, he was promoted to brigadier general in September 1943 and oversaw the units transformation into the 3rd Bomb Division. Known for his bravery in combat, LeMay personally led several missions including the Regensburg section of the August 17, 1943 Schweinfurt-Regensburg raid. LeMay led 146 B-17s from England to their target in Germany and then onto bases in Africa. As the bombers were operating beyond the range of escorts, the formation suffered heavy casualties, with 24 aircraft lost. Due to his success in Europe, LeMay was transferred to the China-Burma-India theater in August 1944 to command the new XX Bomber Command. Based in China, the XX Bomber Command oversaw B-29 raids on Japan. After the capture of the Marianas Islands, LeMay was transferred to the XXI Bomber Command in January 1945. Operating from bases on Guam, Tinian, and Saipan, LeMays B-29s routinely struck targets in Japanese cities. After assessing the results of his early raids from China and the Marianas, LeMay found that high-altitude bombing was proving ineffective over Japan, largely due to poor weather. As Japanese air defenses precluded low- and medium-altitude daylight bombing, LeMay ordered his bombers to strike at night using incendiary bombs. Following tactics pioneered by the British over Germany, LeMays bombers began firebombing Japanese cities. As the predominant building material in Japan was wood, the incendiary weapons proved very effective, frequently creating firestorms that reduced entire neighborhoods. The raids struck 64 cities between March and August 1945 and killed around 330,000 people. Although they were brutal, LeMays tactics were endorsed by Presidents Roosevelt and Truman as a method for destroying the war industry and preventing the need to invade Japan. Berlin Airlift After the war, LeMay served in administrative positions before being assigned to command U.S. Air Forces in Europe in October 1947. The following June, LeMay organized air operations for the Berlin Airlift after the Soviets blocked all ground access to the city. With the airlift up and running, LeMay was brought back to the U.S. to head up the Strategic Air Command (SAC). Upon taking command, LeMay found SAC in poor condition and consisting of only a few undermanned B-29 groups. LeMay set about transforming SAC into the USAFs premier offensive weapon. Strategic Air Command Over the next nine years, LeMay oversaw the acquisition of a fleet of all-jet bombers and the creation of a new command and control system that allowed for an unprecedented level of readiness. When he was promoted to full general in 1951, LeMay became the youngest to attain the rank since Ulysses S. Grant. As the United States principal means of delivering nuclear weapons, SAC built numerous new airfields and developed an elaborate system of midair refueling to enable their aircraft to strike at the Soviet Union. While leading SAC, LeMay began the process of adding intercontinental ballistic missiles to SACs inventory and incorporating them as a vital element of the nations nuclear arsenal. Chief of Staff for the US Air Force After leaving SAC in 1957, LeMay was appointed Vice Chief of Staff for the U.S. Air Force. Four years later, he was promoted to chief of staff. In this role, LeMay made policy his belief that strategic air campaigns should take precedence over tactical strikes and ground support. As a result, the Air Force began procuring aircraft suited for this type of approach. During his tenure, LeMay repeatedly clashed with his superiors, including Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, Secretary of the Air Force Eugene Zuckert, and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs General Maxwell Taylor. In the early 1960s, LeMay successfully defended the Air Forces budgets and began to utilize satellite technology. Sometimes a controversial figure, LeMay was seen as a warmonger during the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis when he loudly argued with President John F. Kennedy and Secretary McNamara regarding air strikes against Soviet positions on the island. LeMay opposed Kennedys naval blockade and favored invading Cuba even after the Soviets withdrew. In the years after Kennedys death, LeMay began to voice his displeasure with President Lyndon Johnsons policies in Vietnam. In the early days of the Vietnam War, LeMay had called for a widespread strategic bombing campaign directed against North Vietnams industrial plants and infrastructure. Unwilling to expand the conflict, Johnson limited American air strikes to interdictive and tactical missions, for which U.S. aircraft were poorly suited. In February 1965, after dealing with intense criticism, Johnson and McNamara forced LeMay into retirement. Later Life After moving to California, LeMay was approached to challenge incumbent Senator Thomas Kuchel in the 1968 Republican primary. He declined and elected instead to run for the vice presidency under George Wallace on the American Independent Party ticket. Though he had originally supported Richard Nixon, LeMay had become concerned that Nixon would accept nuclear parity with the Soviets and would take a conciliatory approach to Vietnam. LeMays association with Wallace was controversial, as the latter was known for his strong support of segregation. After the two were defeated at the polls, LeMay retired from public life and declined further calls to run for office. Death LeMay died on October 1, 1990, after a long retirement. He was buried at the U.S. Air Force Academy at Colorado Springs, Colorado. Legacy LeMay is best remembered as a military hero who played a major role in the modernization of the U.S. Air Force. For his service and achievements he was awarded numerous medals by the U.S. and other governments, including those of Britain, France, Belgium, and Sweden. LeMay was also inducted into the International Air Space Hall of Fame.

Common Hull Shapes on Boats and Ships

Common Hull Shapes on Boats and Ships Naval architects have designed some crazy looking boats and they will continue to push forward with topside design principals. The hull, on the other hand, is well refined and needs a little tinkering. Hydrodynamics research is driven by supercomputers in the modern world, but the old refined designs originally built by eye and scale models are proving to be very efficient without the help of computer chips. These three shapes are most common. Displacement This is, of course, the classic boat hull shape. It is by far the oldest and most used hull in history. The reed barges of ancient Egypt were floating on the River Nile thousands of years ago. The main feature of this hull is its deep and mostly symmetrical shape. The measurement of hulls is expressed as deadrise, which, in the simplest terms is the angle and distance a portion of the hull rises to meet the deck. This kind of hull usually only has one chine. Tugboats are good examples of a displacement hull since much of the hull is submerged. Cargo vessels also use this shape since the increased buoyancy allows them to carry more weight. The tradeoff is there is also a lot of drag because so much of the hull is below the waterline when underway. The displacement hull is also a very stable platform because of the low center of gravity and weight of displacement vessels. A high center of gravity makes a vessel more unstable but slower to roll from side to side. Displacement hulls roll less but make the trip back and forth much more quickly. Semi-Displacement Semi-Displacement hulls are a hybrid between displacement hulls and planning hulls. The dead rise from the bow to midship would resemble a displacement hull, deep with a tall bow with a wide beam. The deadrise from midship back to the stern would have a shallow bottomed V shape and could be practically flat at the stern. It would also be narrower than the bow and have much less freeboard. These hulls are common on small and medium-sized vessels with a few exceptions. The U.S. Navy’s Littoral Combat Ship group is one larger example. It is a high-speed shallow draft vessel that nearly planes at full speed. The benefits here are higher speed capabilities since the forward portion of the vessel lifts from the water at high speeds. At rest or at lower speeds the vessel behaves more like a displacement hull. Many military applications use this design for medium-sized vessels since it is very versatile. The shallow deadrise of the stern gives exceptional prop clearance. In some cases, the forward hull has a deeper draft than the propellers. The drawbacks are a wet ride at the rear of the boat since there is little freeboard. Plus using these boats in some conditions can lead to a very rough ride. High speed over chop is not the Semi-displacement hull’s strong point. Some designs incorporate multiple chines to give a sort of stepped hull that has sweet spots for intermediate speeds Planning A planning hull has little draft. In the water, the vast majority of the hull will be above water. Think of every recreational boat you have ever seen and there is your planning hull example. The hull shape is widely used outside of the recreational boat industry by builders who want a fast and efficient hull. Fast patrol boats are common in military roles around the world and almost all designs are planning hulls. The planning hull skips over the water and at speed, it will only be in contact with the surface at the stern. At this attitude, it has very little drag from the hull. A hull of this design uses multiple chines to lift the hull clear of the water very quickly. The deadrise at the stern is shallow except for the area near the keel. This small but relatively deep V shape give a planning hull good turning characteristics at high speeds. Drawbacks are low carrying capacity and quick and frequent rolling when at rest in even slightly rough waters.

Designer Babies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Designer Babies - Research Paper Example benefits at community level such as having a strong character generation that can be of positive use to community; yet there are some ethical issues, which some people grade as un-natural and fiddling with the process of nature. But this is still debatable, as pros and cons or the results yielded by this technology can be evaluated to declare it a viable measure to adopt for having a better generation (Bliss, 2012, p.5). Designer babies’ technology, to some people is a chance for better, healthier and intelligent generation but there are few who consider it as â€Å"playing God† and trying to program a human being. Both concerns are correct in their perspectives as this technology can be used to improve lives and at the same time it can be used to harm people as well. One of the positive effects that can be achieved through this technology is that it can control the genetic diseases by creating the cures in a child way before his birth. There are a number of diseases in the world, which are still in-curable such as bubble boy, cystic fibrosis and several more. The technology ensures that viruses or the causes of these diseases are not transmitted to next generation genetically. People would not fear of transmitting deadly diseases to their next generations through genes. Baby designing gives us a vision into future where heredity diseases would be swabbed out. This technology in turn, can improve the health standards of society tremendously then as it is known today (Deane and Peters, 2003, p.38). With the advancement in technology and easy availability of baby designer technology, the genes alteration will not stop at disease treatment. Parents would definitely demand at a stage, that genes of their children be altered or selected in a way to choose their children’s skin color, level of intelligence, aptitude for making him a better child in community. The element of â€Å"Human Factor† will exist no more as everyone will be like super human having all the

Poverty and Pollution Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Poverty and Pollution - Case Study Example In this case, ethical implications lies in the fact that businesses are using the third world countries for their own financial gain, at the expense of the people and environment of the host third world country. However, ethics dictate that any successful business should work within the existing framework of regulations for the benefit of all parties involved, which includes environment and local people. Furthermore, businesses that cause pollution only cater after their own interests and leave people to suffer the consequences of pollution. Moreover, strict ethical laws and regulations in the third world countries business sector has considerable impact relating to financial gains emanating from the said businesses due to the costs affiliated. This is because a country is not willing to let go of the revenue, hence, native people are left suffering the consequences of environmental exploitation and pollution in the quest for wealth. In addition, some of the mother countries of these businesses polluting the environment tend to be powerful and include handsome packages to the third-world governments, which are in return for unregulated exploitation of resources without limitations and liabilities. In addition, businesses operating in third world countries have a number of grounds to disregard pollution standards. One of the reasons leading to this problem would be weak regulations governing pollution menace in the developing countries. These weak guidelines facilitate businesses to disregard the law because little can be done to penalize them for their unethical acts. Thus, there is little to be lost by the said company as compared to countries with strict environmental pollution laws. Moreover, laws play a crucial role in the response of environmental agencies responsible for tackling these environmental issues. This is because weak laws do not foster law enforcement, thus, low motivation and increased pollution crimes in third world countries (Amnesty Interna tional, 2009). Corruption cannot to be left behind, as it is a critical aspect, this is in terms of regulation; where those charged with responsibility receive bribes from companies to allow pollution blatantly (â€Å"New A.T. Kearney...†, 2000). In addition, the issue of penalties leads to total disregard for standards of pollution control. This is in terms of leniency and harshness while punishing violators of these standards as they set examples to be emulated and followed. In this regard, companies that are leniently penalized have a possibility of repeating the same offence, as the income is much higher than the penalty. Besides, it could be cheaper to pay the penalty than follow the set guidelines. As a result, businesses may opt for the cheapest way out by maximizing their profits at the expense of conserving the environment. Pollution, economic growth and development all have a close relationship with each other since according to common belief, pollution is the price of progress, and that the cost of development is almost directly proportional to the resultant pollution in terms of industrial waste and pollutant material. This is evident in the case of china that doubled its Gross Domestic Product by over five times, and the results are a sharp rise environmental pollution, ecological destruction and increased carbon dioxide emissions (ZhiDong,

Direct Marketing Essay Example for Free

Direct Marketing Essay Direct marketing is a channel-agnostic form of advertising that allows businesses and nonprofits organizations to communicate straight to the customer, with advertising techniques that can include Cell Phone Text messaging, email, interactive consumer websites, online display ads, fliers, catalog distribution, promotional letters, and outdoor advertising. Direct marketing messages emphasize a focus on the customer, data, and accountability. Characteristics that distinguish direct marketing are: 1. Marketing messages are addressed directly to the customer and/or customers. Direct marketing relies on being able to address the members of a target market. Addressability comes in a variety of forms including email addresses, mobile phone numbers, Web browser cookies, fax numbers and postal addresses. 2. Direct marketing seeks to drive a specific call to action. For example, an advertisement may ask the prospect to call a freephone number or click on a link to a website. 3. Direct marketing emphasizes trackable, measurable responses from customers — regardless of medium. Direct marketing is practiced by businesses of all sizes — from the smallest start-up to the leaders on the Fortune 500. A well-executed direct advertising campaign can prove a positive return on investment by showing how many potential customers responded to a clear call-to-action. General advertising eschews calls-for-action in favor of messages that try to build prospects’ emotional awareness or engagement with a brand. Even well-designed general advertisements rarely can prove their impact on the organization’s bottom line. A recent study by the Direct Marketing Association reports that in 2010, marketers – commercial and nonprofit – spent $153.3 billion on direct marketing, which accounted for 54.2% of all ad expenditures in the United States. Measured against total US sales, these advertising expenditures generated approximately $1.798 trillion in incremental sales. In 2010, direct marketing accounted for 8.3% of total US gross domestic product. Also in 2010, there were 1.4 million direct marketing employees in the US. Their collective sales efforts directly supported 8.4 million other jobs, accounting for a total of 9.8 million US jobs. Direct marketing is attractive to many marketers because its positive results can be measured directly. For example, if a marketer sends out 1,000 solicitations by mail and 100 respond to the promotion, the marketer can say with confidence that campaign led directly to 10% direct responses. This metric is known as the response rate, and it is one of many clearly quantifiable success metrics employed by direct marketers. In contrast, general advertising uses indirect measurements, such as awareness or engagement, since there is no direct response from a consumer. Measurement of results is a fundamental element in successful direct marketing. The Internet has made it easier for marketing managers to measure the results of a campaign. This is often achieved by using a specific website landing page directly relating to the promotional material. A call to action will ask the customer to visit the landing page, and the effectiveness of the campaign can be measured by taking the number of promotional messages distributed (e.g., 1,000) and dividing it by the number of responses (people visiting the unique website page). Another way to measure the results is to compare the projected sales or generated leads for a given term with the actual sales or leads after a direct advertising campaign. While many marketers recognize the financial benefits of increasing targeted awareness, some direct marketing efforts using particular media have been criticized for generating poor quality leads, either due to poor message strategy or because of poorly compiled demographic databases. This poses a problem for marketers and consumers alike, as advertisers do not wish to waste money on communicating with consumers not interested in their products. Some of these concerns have been addressed by direct marketers by the use of individual opt-out lists, variable printing, and better-targeted list practices. Additionally, in order to avoid unwanted mailings, members of the marketing industry have established preference services that give customers more control over the marketing communications they receive in the mail. The term junk mail, referring to unsolicited commercial ads delivered via post office or directly deposited in consumers mail boxes, can be traced back to 1954. The term spam, meaning unsolicited commercial e-mail, can be traced back to March 31, 1993, although in its first few months it merely referred to inadvertently posting a message so many times on UseNet that the repetitions effectively drowned out the normal flow of conversation. To address the concerns of unwanted emails or spam, in 2003, The US Congress enacted the Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing (CAN-SPAM) Act to curb unwanted email messages. Can-Spam gives recipients the ability to stop unwanted emails, and set out tough penalties for violations. Additionally, ISPs and email service providers have developed increasingly effective Email Filtering programs. These filters can interfere with the delivery of email marketing campaigns, even if the person has subscribed to receive them, as legitimate email marketing can possess the same hallmarks as spam. There are a range of email service providers that provide services for legitimate opt-in emailers to avoid being classified as spam. Consumers have expressed concerns about the privacy and environmental implications of direct marketing. In response to consumer demand and increasing business pressure to increase the effectiveness of reaching the right customer with direct marketing, companies specialize in targeted direct advertising to great effect, reducing advertising budget waste and increasing the effectiveness of delivering a marketing message with better geo-demography information, delivering the advertising message to only the customers interested in the product, service, or event on offer. Additionally, members of the advertising industry have been working to adopt stricter codes regarding online targeted advertising. Any medium that can be used to deliver a communication to a customer can be employed in direct marketing, including: Email Marketing Sending marketing messages through email or Emailmarketing is one of the most widely used direct-marketing methods. One reason for email marketings popularity is that it is relatively inexpensive to design, test, and send an email message. It also allows marketers to deliver messages around the clock, and to accurately measure responses. Online Tools With the expansion of digital technology and tools, direct marketing is increasingly taking place through online channels. Most online advertising is delivered to a focused group of customers and has a trackable response. * Display Ads are interactive ads that appear on the Web next to content on Web pages or Web services. Formats include static banners, pop ups, videos, and floating units. Customers can click on the ad to respond directly to the message or to find more detailed information. According to research by eMarketer, expenditures on online display ads rose 24.5% between 2010 and 2011. * Search: 49% of US spending on Internet ads goes to search, in which advertisers pay for prominent placement among listings in search engines whenever a potential customer enters a relevant search term, allowing ads to be delivered to customers based upon their already-indicated search criteria.This paid placement industry generates more than $10 billion dollars for search companies. Marketers also use search engine optimization to drive traffic to their sites. * Social Media Sites, such as Facebook and Twitter, also provide opportunities for direct marketers to communicate directly with customers by creating content to which customers can respond. Mobile Through mobile marketing, marketers engage with prospective customers and donors in an interactive manner through a mobile device or network, such as a cellphone, smartphone, or tablet. Types of mobile marketing messages include: SMS: (short message service) — marketing communications are sent in the form of text messages, also known as texting. MMS: (multi-media message service) — These messages use elements such as images, video, and audio; Mobile Applications: Smartphone-based mobile apps contain several types of messages. Push Notifications are direct messages sent to a user either automatically or as part of a campaign. They include transactional, marketing, geo-based, and more. Rich Push Notifications are full HTML Push Notifications. Mobile apps also contain Interactive ads that appear inside the mobile application or app; Location-Based Marketing: marketing messages delivered directly to a mobile device based on the users location; QR Codes (quick-response barcodes): This is a type of 2D barcode with an encoded link that can be accessed from a smartphone. This technology is increasingly being used for everything from special offers to product information. Mobile Banner Ads: Like standard banner ads for desktop Web pages but smaller to fit on mobile screens and run on the mobile content network Direct Mail The term direct mail is used to refer to communications sent to potential customers or donors via the postal service and other delivery services. Direct mail is sent to customers based on criteria such as age, income, location, profession, buying pattern, etc. Direct mail includes advertising circulars, catalogs, free-trial CDs, pre-approved credit card applications, and other unsolicited merchandising invitations delivered by mail to homes and businesses. Bulk mailings are a particularly popular method of promotion for businesses operating in the financial services, home computer, and travel and tourism industries. In many developed countries, direct mail represents such a significant amount of the total volume of mail that special rate classes have been established. In the United States and United Kingdom, for example, there are bulk mail rates that enable marketers to send mail at rates that are substantially lower than regular first-class rates. In order to qualify for these rates, marketers must format and sort the mail in particular ways – which reduces the handling (and therefore costs) required by the postal service. In the US, marketers send over 90 billion pieces of direct mail per year. Advertisers often refine direct mail practices into targeted mailing, in which mail is sent out following database analysis to select recipients considered most likely to respond positively. For example, a person who has demonstrated an interest in golf may receive direct mail for golf-related products or perhaps for goods and services that are appropriate for golfers. This use of database analysis is a type of database marketing. The United States Postal Service calls this form of mail advertising mail (admail for short). Telemarketing Another common form of direct marketing is telemarketing, in which marketers contact customers by phone. The primary benefit to businesses is increased lead generation, which helps businesses increase sales volume and customer base. The most successful telemarketing service providers focus on generating more qualified leads that have a higher probability of getting converted into actual sales. The National Do Not Call Registry was created in 2003 to offer consumers a choice whether to receive telemarketing calls at home. The FTC created the National Do Not Call Registry after a comprehensive review of the Telemarketing Sales Rule (TSR). The do-not-call provisions of the TSR cover any plan, program, or campaign to sell goods or services through interstate phone calls. The provisions do not cover calls from political organizations, charities, telephone surveyors, or companies with which a customer has an existing business relationship. Canada has its own National Do Not Call List (DNCL). In other countries it is voluntary, such as the New Zealand Name Removal Service. Voicemail Marketing Voicemail marketing emerged out of the market prevalence of personal voice mailboxes, and business voicemail systems. Voicemail marketing presented a cost effective means by which to reach people directly, by voice. Abuse of consumer marketing applications of voicemail marketing resulted in an abundance of voice-spam, and prompted many jurisdictions to pass laws regulating consumer voicemail marketing. More recently, businesses have utilized guided voicemail (an application where pre-recorded voicemails are guided by live callers) to accomplish personalized business-to-business marketing formerly reserved for telemarketing. Because guided voicemail is used to contact only businesses, it is exempt from Do Not Call regulations in place for other forms of voicemail marketing. Voicemail courier is a similar form of voicemail marketing with both business-to-business and business-to-consumer applications. Broadcast Faxing Broadcast faxing, in which faxes are sent to multiple recipients, is now less common than in the past. This is partly due to laws in the United States and elsewhere which regulate its use for consumer marketing. In 2005, President Bush signed into law S. 714, the Junk Fax Prevention Act of 2005 (JFPA), which allows marketers to send commercial faxes to those with whom they have an established business relationship (EBR), but imposes some new requirements. These requirements include providing an opt-out notice on the first page of faxes and establishing a system to accept opt-outs at any time of the day. Fax senders must begin complying with these new requirements, which are described in this fact sheet. Roughly 2% of direct marketers use fax, mostly for business-to-business marketing campaigns.[16] Also, due to the popularity of a variety of digital communication methods, the overall use of faxes is less than in the past. Couponing Couponing is used in print and digital media to elicit a response from the reader. An example is a coupon which the reader receives through the mail and takes to a stores check-out counter to receive a discount. Digital Coupons: Manufacturers and retailers make coupons available online for electronic orders that can be downloaded and printed. Digital coupons are available on company websites, social media outlets, texts, and email alerts. There are an increasing number of mobile phone applications offering digital coupons for direct use. Daily Deal Sites offer local and online deals each day, and are becoming increasingly popular. Customers sign up to receive notice of discounts and offers, which are sent daily by email. Purchases are often made using a special coupon code or promotional code. The largest of these sites, Groupon, has over 83 million subscribers. Direct Response TV Direct marketing via television (commonly referred to as DRTV) has two basic forms: long form (usually half-hour or hour-long segments that explain a product in detail and are commonly referred to as infomercials) and short form, which refers to typical 30-second or 60-second commercials that ask viewers for an immediate response (typically to call a phone number on screen or go to a website). TV-response marketing — i.e. infomercials — can be considered a form of direct marketing, since responses are in the form of calls to telephone numbers given on-air. This allows marketers to reasonably conclude that the calls are due to a particular campaign, and enables them to obtain customers phone numbers as targets for telemarketing. One of the most famous DRTV commercials was for Ginsu Knives by Ginsu Products, Inc. of RI. Several aspects of ad, such as its use of adding items to the offer and the guarantee of satisfaction were much copied, and came to be considered part of the formula for success with short-form direct-response TV ads (DRTV) Direct Response Radio In direct response radio, ads contain a call to action with a specific tracking mechanism. Often, this tracking mechanism is a call now prompt with a toll-free phone number or a unique Web URL. Results of the ad can be tracked in terms of calls, orders, customers, leads, sales, revenue, and profits that result from the airing of those ads. Insert Media Another form of direct marketing, insert media are marketing materials that are inserted into other communications, such as a catalog, newspaper, magazine, package, or bill. Coop or shared mail, where marketing offers from several companies are delivered via a single envelope, is also considered insert media. Out-of-Home Out of home direct marketing refers to a wide array of media designed to reach the consumer outside the home, including transit, bus shelters, bus benches, aerials, airports, in-flight, in-store, movies, college campus/high schools, hotels, shopping malls, sport facilities, stadiums, taxis — that contain a call-to-action for the customer to respond. Direct Response Magazines and Newspapers Magazine and newspaper ads often include a direct response call-to-action, such as a toll-free number, a coupon redeemable at a brick-and-mortar store, or a QR code that can be scanned by a mobile device — these methods are all forms of direct marketing, because they elicit a direct and measurable action from the customer. Direct Selling Direct selling is the sale of products by face-to-face contact with the customer, either by having salespeople approach potential customers in person, or through indirect means such as Tupperware parties. Grassroots/Community Marketing The door-to-door distribution of flyers and leaflets within a local community is a business-to-consumer form of direct marketing used extensively by restaurants, fast food companies, and many other business focusing on a local catchment. Similar to direct mail marketing, this method is targeted purely by area and community, and costs a fraction of the amount of a mailshot, since it is not necessary to purchase stamps, envelopes, or address lists with the names of home occupants.

Cry, The Beloved Country: The Breakdown And Rebuilding Of South Africa :: Cry, The Beloved Country Essays

Cry, The Beloved Country: The Breakdown and Rebuilding of South African Society â€Å"...what God has not done for South Africa man must do.† pg. 25   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the book, Cry, the Beloved Country, written by Alan Paton, some major conflicts follow the story from beginning to end. Two of these conflicts would be as follows; first, the breakdown of the ever so old and respected tribe; and second, the power of love and compassion and how that it can rebuild broken relationships. This story gives the reader the perfect perspective in learning about the injustices that have taken place in South Africa, and it gives us a sense of the trials and hardships the blacks went through then. Cry, is a story about a Zulu pastor Stephen Kumalo and how he sets out to bring his family back together. While he sets out about doing this he realizes that his family is completely in the shambles and his family has strayed from the church and tribal traditions. Kumalo eventually learns to deal with this and while he is doing this, he makes a friend, James Jarvis, that changes the way he has looked on life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The tribal breakdown starts to show in book I, with the land that the tribe must use and how the people have used up the natural resources that used to lay there. The whites pushed them out of where they used to reside where the land is so good that it could be even referred to as â€Å"holy, being even as it came from the Creator.† (pg. 3). In the rural areas such as this the decay comes as a result of making the blacks live in confined areas where the land is so bad it can't be farmed any more, and the taking of the strong males out of these areas to go work in the mines were things are unsafe and people rarely return. Because of this, the people leave the tribe to go on the roads to travel to Johannesburg, because â€Å"All roads lead to Johannesburg.† (pg. 10).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As Kumalo arrives in Johannesburg he finally realizes what a problem he has stepped into. He realizes that nobody in his family, neither brothers, sisters, sons and daughters, even cousins, have any moral ties with each other anymore. He sees his brother get caught up in worldly beliefs, such as: fame, money, power, greed and lying. He also sees his sister and his son living in a horrible life of crime and sin. Kumalo even starts to lose hope for his son, he states that â€Å"I can do nothing here, let us go.

Academin Excellence Guarantees a Successful Life

VIVIEN KHOR WEI WEN H3P5 Academic excellence guaranteees a successful life. Do you agree? Human beings are creatures than can be influenced easily,they tend to follow what others are practising. The current world has defined that people should be judged based on their academic excellence, and it has caused an obligation among people to strive towards academic excellence due to the higher demands of top achievers in the career world. However, most of us have neglected the fact that academic excellence is not the sole factor to determine one’s future.What is the use of academic excellence when the person does not even possess the knowledge of basic living and surviving skills? Henceforth, I staunchly disagree with the statement that academic excellence guarantees a successful life because basic living skills , disicpline and also the maturity of a person determines his or her survival in the rat-race world. To elucidate explicitly,we first have to know what lies in the phrase â €˜basic living skills’.Basic living skills are fundamental skills that humans need and have to pick up in order to support themselves in terms of their well-being. They are one of the prime factors that determines one’s success. To be precise, basic living skills comprise skills like cooking,doing housechores,repairing some simple electrical appliances,and much more. Henceforth ,basic living skills are essential in human’s lives because they act as the assistants for homosapiens to cope with life.Academic excellence doesn’t guarantee that you are actually a versatile and systematic person. It only tells the world that this particular person is smart and this person,is eligible to be in the intelligent cliques. Coming to realisation,the government has actually made some changes in its education system by adding in Basic Living Skills as one of the compulsory subjects in schools in order to expose the students towards mastering basic living skills. This has once again proven that basic living skills play an important role in everybody’s life.We do not deny that academic excellence is important,but it is not the sole factor to guarantee one’s success in the future. A person who maters basic living skills are more systematic and creative when it comes to problem solving circumstances as they learn from their past experiences , but not from the books. In contrast,when a person pays his attention only on academic excellence,he might be able to answer complex mathematics questions and aces in his examinations, however there is a big possibility that he doesn’t even know how to change a bulb.Thus, to climb up the staircase towards success, the first step is to master basic living skills. Moving on,people nowadays are indoctrinated with the mentality of to be outstanding,academic excellence comes first. Well,yes. All of us think the same way,academic excellence actually promises a higher salary,a better working enviro nment, and of course a pretigious job too. However,most of us do not realise that the indoctrination of this mindset has actually caused a rupture in mentality of the people,especially teenagers ,who are the future backbones of the country.Rather than focusing on their own character building,students nowadays tend to insert maximum attention towards their studies ,which consequently has affected their discipline. By just flipping throught hr newspaper, we can see a cornucopia of reports and articles which are centered towards this issue. There are a lot of excellent students out there who get expelled from school due to their serious disciplinary problems. And thus, to gain success, we have to first discipline ourselves whilst acing in the examinations as success comes from discipline.Ironically, if disciplined people don’t exist, there might be much more crime in the white-collared career world, which will lead to the downfall of the country. Looking at this issue from a dif ferent perspective, the maturity of a person is also one of the other key role that determines one’s success, apparently, it is more important than academic excellence. Maturity refers to the way of how people deal with things and accept life the way it is. For instance, a matured people would perceive difficulties and putting it into practice, because he or she knows that it is the best way of solving the problem.However ,an immature people would just practically give up and blame everyone for the unfortunate encounters. Try flipping through the pages of your newspaper, there is always news reporting about the suicide of an academically excellent student due to the failure of coping with study stress and peer pressure. This has clearly shown that scholars nowadays are too narrow minded and pessismistic when problems arise as they lack of exposure in life due to the long hours of studying to obtain academic excellence for the sake of leading a successful life in the future.Ho wever, they have totally neglected the fact thatthey themselves,need to go out and see things and gain knowledge which would help them to deal with problems in life in the future. There is a saying goes, â€Å" If you fail to plan, you plan to fail â€Å". To guarantee a successful life, good plannings are essential in order to make things flow systematically. To plan well, you first need to have a matured mind. As an analogy, academic excellence is the lock towards a successful life, but the key that unlocks it is the maturity and mentality of a working adult.Henceforth , maturity definitely plays a more important role in determining a successful life compared to academic excellence. As a versatile person, we need to be aware that academic excellence is not everything in life. Failing in exams does not mean that you are going to fail in life. There are more things outside to be explored compared to the thick reference books, so why not give yourself a chance to explore the world and build up your own character and morality in order to become a better person.Academic excellence does play an important role in life, but there are a few more elements that we need to focus on in order to gain a successful life. In other words, a successful life is determined from many aspects as each and every elements of life contributes to the success of a person. Academic excellence can only guarantee a brighter future, but not necessarily a successful life, as it can only be achieved when a person is versatile, discipline and owning a matured mind. Henceforth , humans need to open up their minds and try to look at life in a different scope,if they are strong-willed enough to achieve a successful life.

Why Romeo’s Mood Change When He Realises Mercution Is Dying

Romeo’s mood changes when he realizes that Mercutio is dying as he suddenly becomes regretful ‘that an hour hath (Tybalt) been my kinsman’ and decides that ‘others must end’ over ‘this black day’s fate’, whereas at the beginning of the scene he is very calm and peaceful and tells Tybalt ‘I love thee’ and that the reason he does excuses the need to react aggressively toward the ‘greeting’ Tybalt gives him calling him ‘villain’ as his hate can have ‘no better term’.Romeo is made ‘effeminate’ by Juliet’s love and so his love ‘excuses the appertaining rage’ so he doesn’t harm the Capulet, ‘whose name I (he) tenders as dearly as’ his own as he is married to Juliet. When Mercutio and Tybalt are fighting he still continues to try to keep the peace, and tells Benvolio to help ‘beat down their weapons’ which links to the fig ht in Act 1 Scene 1 where Benvolio draws his sword to prevent the fighting, showing how they aren’t opposed to force to protect people they care about.When he realises Mercutio is dying he sheds his peace keeping attitude and actively participates in the fight as either him, Tybalt ‘or both’ must go with ‘Mercutio’s soul’ ‘to keep him company’. This also contrasts with the love expressed for Tybalt earlier, as he acts more masculine instead of being ‘effeminate’ as Juliet ‘hath soften’d valour’s steel’and fights to maintain his family’s honour and also avenge the death of his ‘very friend’, which shows two sides to Romeo; one being the courtly lover who is in love with Juliet and the other being an Italian hot-blooded male.

Sociology and Psychology

Sociology and Psychology Abstract Certified statistics are considered to be the critical source of information and knowledge about crimes and the criminal justice system but little information is served regarding the institutions that provide the statistics. Kevin Haggerty threw some light on the process that is involved in the collecting and collating data on crime activities. This was done was examining the Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics (CCJS), which is the statistical branch of Canada that is responsible for the production of data on the Criminal Justice System.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology and Psychology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The book Making Crime Count provides an in-depth analysis on how data on illegal activities have facilitated the characteristic advance to the management of justice in the country. It is taking the form of actuarial justice where crime is considered to be a statistical probability an d not a moral failing. Similarly, statistics make the criminal justice to be amenable, particularly to the criminal justice that is served with the purpose of managing the justice system itself. By utilizing the modern sociological work as a toll frame, Haggerty examined various ways by which CCJS produces its statistics. Emphasis is placed on the scientific factors and the complex networks that are aligned to the assorted elements and institutions through negotiations between the police, employees and the CCJS in order to obtain a comprehensive crime report survey. Haggerty concluded that there is a need to study governance to comprehend the politics and the process of knowledge production of the crime data. Introduction Some time back, the CCJS began a process of data collection whereby information was collected regarding the state of a criminal as at the time of committing the crime: it was to be recorded whether or not the victim was under the influence of any drugs. Although th e collection of this data was not collected for long, there was enough confidence that the consumption of drugs or alcohol was a factor in crime and that the data was instrumental in the understanding of crime and in the formulation of a constructive public policy. The collection of this data was stopped following strong opposition form the department of police, which expressed two main reservations namely: that the officers could not believe or reliably ascertain the consumption and also the police could not wish to provide the accused with a potential clue for legal defense emanating from the crime. The overriding theme in the Haggerty’s book was â€Å"truth as a major social accomplishment† and it specifically captured what was believed concerning crime in Canada. Haggerty captured all the social influences that shaped crime statistics and how they could be utilized in formulation of public policy, for social research and for the creation of ameliorative programs to mitigate crimes. Haggerty was more concerned with the profound aspect than the mere validity of the statistics about crime; he wanted the readers to realize the implications of constructivists approach to the validity and the truth of the crime statistics of the crime and how they were governed.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Main arguments of the book Making crime count is a well researched case study of the Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics which is an arm of statistics Canada that is responsible for the production of data regarding particular aspects of the criminal justice system. Much of the literature dwelt on governance. According to Haggerty (2001), the availability and the development of statistics facilitated the distinctive techniques and rationalities of governance that are able to utilize actuarial techniques to manage individuals and the systems. A mong the claims that were postulated by Haggerty (2001) was that the institutions were penetrated by the politics of truth. It was argued that the statistics that were provided by the CCJS were the closest official facts and the CCJS, in their statistics relied on the categorization of people, processes, events, standardizations and the political negotiations. The book was not therefore concerned bout the statistics but more on the social processes that are involved in the construction, legitimization and production of crime statistics (Haggerty, 2001). Haggerty (2001) based his arguments by studying the Canadian centre for Justice and Statistics (CCJS) which is a federal agency and a statistical arm of Canada. To ascertain his facts, he adopted anthropological method whereby he took up residence for half a year, and he carried out talks with the staff of CCJS and other stakeholders that transacted business with the agency, he managed to read the documents of the agency took part in informal discussions and conversations and observed great deals. He, for example, accounted for the interplay of beliefs and the special social forces that eventuated in the aboriginals being the main class that is differentiated in the CCJS centers and what effect it had for the Canadian public and the beliefs it had for itself and crime in Canada. The study and analysis by Haggerty (2001) elicited the interest of the students undertaking studies in various social organizations since it described how the CCJS is well structured to perform its functions. The organization works in close collaboration with other members to assist in the collection of data. In order to function effectively, the CCJS staff has to perform technological, educational, semi-personal and political roles. Haggerty (2001) explained how the CCJS staff engaged the security officers in order to collect information required. Haggerty’s assertions have cast doubt into contention of the students on the capab ility of the media that the media is submissive. Haggerty (2001) proposed that the media was more important and independent of CCJS, and he asserted that the media exerted a lot of influence over the agency. The book is a constructionism exercise; his exemplifying of how information about offense is reflected in the media is a perfect show of the constructionist principle that genuineness is a form of communal achievements that is in by Haggerty. What is not clear in the Haggerty’s work is the extent of achievement of reality as an act of finding. Haggerty held that the crime statistics of Canada is a reflection of the real incidence and that the natures of the criminal acts vary based on certain statistic, and it can be considered to be truth of truths. He pointed out that crime by itself was a social construction and that criminal behavior by itself was a critical determinant of the statistical truths that were produced by the CCJS.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology and Psychology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Haggerty, however, forewarned that people ought to be cautious of the soundness of the gathered information on crime, and they should be much apprehensive about fact creation by the nation agencies that govern the people. He portrayed CCJS as an agency that only strived to realize the truth with much rationality. The closed and the inaccessibility of prisons make it difficult for institutions to be controlled and regulated particularly if the public considered the prisoners as undeserving. The book focused on the issues of privatization or prisons, poverty criminalization, racial discrimination, impact of drugs and war on women and the impact of get-tough approach on women of black color. It has been argued that private organizations that engaged in punishing for profit were very hard to monitor. Further arguments have proposed that the media, though instrumental in r eforming and in ensuring transparency and accountability in prison, were vulnerable to all forms of misrepresentation and favoring the official versions of events. Women, for example, who were released from the prisons, carried a lot of burdens and faced many challenges in their day to day communal life; this was not addressed by the literature on women prisoners since a lot of focus was placed on the women in their prison days and not women after prison. Conclusion There is a presumption that the rhetoric of statistics can be thwarted by the truth that can be actualized by the rational use of criminal justice statistics. The previous trend should provide a trend and give a pause as to whether the scale might be shifting. There is still a role for the agencies like the CCJS, and it will provide the data resources that facilitate the rational policy of development. Official crime statistics provide a deeper understanding into crimes and the functioning of the criminal justice system, and since sociologists have not delved into the institutions that produce the statistics, making crimes count has served to address the problem through the study of the CCJS which is Canada’s main source of criminal justice statistics. Haggerty employed methodological functions of participative observation and documentary analysis. The accessibility of information on crime has enabled a characteristic move toward the learning and the control of crime. Statistics are often used to map out patterns in behavior and other characters. Such patterns can be studied and significant decisions made. Collection of statistics therefore should be carried out with utmost significance. Statistics are used to make significant decisions and therefore collection of wrong statistics will lead to wrong decision being made. It is of great significance therefore that statistics collection is carried out in a manner that will ensure that only the relevant and unbiased information is collected. Thi s will guarantee correct and relevant decision being made. References Haggerty, K. D. (2001). Making crime count. Toronto, Canada: Buffalo.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

Definition of Anchoress and the Anchoress of Wisse

Definition of Anchoress and the Anchoress of Wisse An anchoress is (was) a woman who withdraws from secular life for religious purposes, a female religious hermit or recluse. The male term is anchorite. Anchoresses and anchorites lived in seclusion, often in remote locations or walled into a room with only a shuttered window through which food was passed. The position of anchorite is still recognized in canon law of the Roman Catholic church as one form of consecrated life. The position was not one, generally, of complete seclusion. The anchoress was to be kept in connection with a church, and visitors to the anchoress, who could talk to her through a window in her cell, often came seeking prayers or practical advice.  She spent her time in prayer and contemplation, but often also engaged in writing and such typical women’s activities like embroidery. The anchoress was expected to eat and dress simply. An anchoress needed permission from a bishop to take up the life of semi-reclusion. He would determine if she was likely to adapt to the life of an anchoress and whether she had adequate financial support (this was not a way for the poor to be fed).  The bishop would oversee the anchoress’ life and make sure she was cared for well.   A special rite of enclosure marked the agreement between the church and the anchoress, and her dedication to the enclosed life. This ceremony echoed a burial or entombment, with last rites, as ritually the anchoress was dead to the world. Anchorhold The room, called an anchorhold or anchorage, was often connected to a church wall.  The cell had very little in it, just a bed, crucifix and altar. According to the Ancrene Wisse (see below) the cell was to have three windows.  One was on the outside so that people could visit the anchoress and seek her advice, counsel, and prayers.  Another was to the inside of the church.  Through this window, the anchoress could experience the worship service in the church, and could also be given communion.  A third window allowed an assistant to deliver food and take away waste. Sometimes there was a door to the anchorhold that was locked as part of the enclosure ceremony At death, it was customary to bury the anchoress in her anchorhold.  The grave was sometimes prepared as part of the enclosure rite. Examples Julian of Norwich  (14th and 15th centuries) was an anchoress; she did not live in complete seclusion though she was walled into her chamber. The chamber was connected to a church, she had a servant walled in with her and she sometimes advised pilgrims and other visitors. Alfwen (12th century England) was an anchoress who helped Christina of Markyate hide from her family, who were trying to force Christina into marriage. Among anchorites (male religious recluses enclosed in cells), Saint Jerome is one of the most famous, and is depicted in his cell in several art treatments. Living in a convent, as did figures like Hildegard of Bingen  and Hrotsvitha von Gandershei, was not the equivalent of being an anchoress. Background of the Term Anchoress Anchoress, and the related term anchorite, are derived from the Greek verb anacwre-ein or anachoreo, meaning â€Å"withdraw.†Ã‚  The Ancrene Wisse (see below), compares the anchoress to an anchor which holds a ship during storms and waves. Ancrene Wisse translation: anchoresses rule (or manual) Also Known As:  Ancren Riwle, Ancrene Rule An unknown 13th-century author wrote this work describing how women could live in religious seclusion.  A few convents used the rule in their order. The Ancrene Wisse is written in a dialect common in the West Midlands in the 13th century. There are eleven manuscripts known, some merely in fragments, written in Middle English. Four others are translated into Anglo-Norman French and another four into Latin. The writer J.R.R. Tolkien researched and edited this text, published in 1929. Popular Culture The 1993 movie Anchoress is modeled after a 14th-century anchoress, quite loosely.  In the film, Christine Carpenter, who is a peasant girl, is locked up at the urging of the priest who has designs on her. The priest tries and convicts her mother of being a witch, so Christine digs her way out of her cell. Robyn Cadwallader published a book, The Anchoress, in 2015, about a girl in the 13th century who became an anchoress.  Sarah takes up the life of an anchoress in order to avoid her landlord’s son, who has designs on her; for her, becoming an anchoress is a way to protect her virginity.

See instructions below in description Case Study

See instructions below in description - Case Study Example This translates to 75 cents as the per unit variable goods leading to profits of per pack profit of $ 5.50. Despite the high fixed costs the alternative is anticipated to sell the product to increase both market share and improved sales. In addition to this, the firm considers to use coupons and free gifts to promote the cigarette in order to achieve the price cut decision. However, decision is not the best since it is prone to unlikelihood of meeting the targeted price in the market. Variable costs in production may be a challenge in attaining price cuts. It may even make the firm operate at a loss (Nagle, Hogan & Zale, 2014). Philip Morris may consider rebranding its Marlboro cigarettes and market it as a new brand. This may involve changing the brand name, design, flavor and other attributes of the cigarettes to bring a differentiated appeal to the customers and competitors. Changes in the logo, name and flavors of the cigarettes are the key attributes that the firm ought to consider. In addition, its packaging may integrate a colorful wrappings and packets that bring a more attracting appeal to the users. Different flavors may be used to lure different customers to different flavors of choice. On another hand, the firm may consider rebranding its corporate name to shed its name against its rival firms. Price cuts are effective in attracting more users of a commodity. It is a marketing strategy that offers a better chance to a firm that is operating under a large scale. Reducing its prices as compared to its competitors enables the firm selling more and reaching a bigger number of its compelling customers (Clow & Baack, 2012). In such a case, the firm benefits from economies of scale and long-run profits. This technique may be disadvantageous to competing firms as they may be locked out of the market. In addition, it may induce monopoly in an industry that may be not beneficial to