Diabetes in African American Population in South Carolina

Diabetes in African American Population in South Carolina Abstract Diabetes is a serious disease, which often leads to complications, such as blindness, kidney failure, heart attacks, strokes, and amputations. High blood pressure and abnormal cholesterol levels are frequent. Diabetes has an immense impact on public health and medical care. In South Carolina medical costs rise with increased duration of the disease, and lifespan is shortened by 5-10 years in most patients. In 2011, diabetes affected 25.8 million people in the United States with 7 million undiagnosed cases (CDC, 2011). In terms of racial and ethnic disparity, the outlook becomes more dismal, as racial and ethnic minorities are disproportionately affected and are more likely to have complications than their White counterparts, especially when they are unable to access the health care system for management and care (Lavery, et.al., 1999). Approximately 450,000 South Carolinians are affected by diabetes, many of who were still undiagnosed in 2010. One of every five patients in a South Carolina hospital has diabetes, and one in every ten visits to a South Carolina emergency room is diabetes related. The total charges for diabetes and diabetes-related hospitalizations and emergency room visits were over $4.2 billion in 2010. Diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death in South Carolina, directly or indirectly claiming more than 3,000 lives each year, and the fifth leading cause of death in African Americans, claiming about 1,200 African American lives each year. Most diabetes deaths occur in persons over age 60. Minorities, predominantly African Americans, experienced a substantially higher death rate and more years of potential life lost than Whites. The racial disparity in mortality has widened over the past 10 years. The racial disparity is narrowing in diabetes prevalence, primarily, because the prevalence in the White population is increasing. Suitable Agency and Funding The SC DHEC Division of Diabetes Prevention and Control has been funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Division of Diabetes Translation since 1994. In addition, in July 1994, the South Carolina Legislature established the Diabetes Initiative of South Carolina (DSC), with a Diabetes Center of Excellence at the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) and a governing Board, and three active councils. DSC works closely with DHEC’s Diabetes Division via its Board of Directors and Surveillance and Outreach Councils, committees, and task forces. A Ten Year Strategic Plan was implemented by DSC in 1998 and evaluated in 2009, and the results are reported in the SC Medical Journal (Myers, 2011). Results from successive Burden of Diabetes in South Carolina reports have been used to monitor progress of the strategic plan. The South Carolina Division of Diabetes Prevention and Control is housed and managed within the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control’s (DHEC) Bureau of Community Health and Chronic Disease Prevention. Through partnerships and related community and statewide interventions, the SC Diabetes Division overarching goals and objectives are to: Prevent complications, disabilities, and burden associated with diabetes; and Eliminate health disparities; The division plans to accomplish this through: uniformed diabetes guidelines of care endorsed in the state; diabetes guidelines of care incorporated into clinical outcomes; and Increasing the percent of people living with diabetes receiving standards of care. The division’s target populations are the disparate populations within our state, which include African Americans and Hispanic/Latinos as well as the elderly. The top issue is to ensure that all people with diabetes receive the recommended diabetes standards of care from their healthcare providers to support self-management, particularly in rural health settings as well as to increase resources for improved diabetes management in South Carolina. Since a primary mission of the division has been to ensure a coordinated approach to diabetes prevention and control efforts, the division has established linkages and collaborated with key agencies and organizations across the state to access to evidence-based information and expertise to ensure we are doing all we can to reduce the burden of diabetes in our state. The DHEC Diabetes Division partnered with the REACH US: SEA-CEED Program (Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health) and the Diabetes Initiative of South Carolina (DSC) to develop a state-wide diabetes advisory council, which worked together to develop state-wide guidelines for diabetes care and are currently working together to produce the next state-wide diabetes strategic plan. The Diabetes Division is designing a multi-year plan tailored for the characteristics of South Carolina Federally Qualified Health Centers. The goal of this initiative is to sustain health systems that support good chronic care management for people living with chronic diseases, through the institutionalization of quality improvement (QI) in clinics across the state. By reaching this goal, the Diabetes Division and key partners uphold the philosophy that creating an environmental change in the health care system that makes the delivery of high quality chronic disease care the â€Å"easy choice† for health care providers. This change in the environment will be reflected in chronic disease indicators. Improvements in such indicators will result in a reduction in complications, burden, and disability of diabetes and other chronic diseases. By way of expanding and widening linkages, the division will continue to collaborate with other internal and external programs and agencies such as. DHEC’s Bureau of Community Health and Chronic Disease Prevention, regional public health offices, and Office of Minority Health. Conclusion Approximately 2,500-3,000 South Carolinians die from diabetes every year, including deaths from diabetes as the underlying cause and deaths where diabetes was a contributing cause. Diabetes-related mortality has decreased by 28% in the overall population, and by 40% in African American females in 10 years. The majority (82%) of deaths from diabetes occurred among people aged 60 and older. Race-sex specific mortality tracked closely with the patterns of diabetes-related risk factors and morbidity. Minorities, predominantly African Americans, experienced a substantially higher death rate, and greater years of potential life lost, approximately three times that of the White population. Culturally appropriate, innovative communication and education programs are needed to reduce the tremendous burden in this population. Meanwhile, increasing awareness, access to care, and diabetes management are critical for people with diabetes. Increasing resources for diabetes control in South Carolina , particularly rural health settings, and targeting high-risk populations are objectives of the Diabetes Initiative of South Carolina and the DHEC Division of Diabetes Prevention Strategic Plan. References American Diabetes Association. Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes. (2012). Diabetes Care, 35 (Suppl. 1), S11-S63. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Adult and Community Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (2011). REACH U.S. Risk Factor Survey, Year 3 Data Report for Medical University of South Carolina, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Myers, P., Heidri, K., Bowen, S., Jenkins, C., Gaffney, T., Massing, M., Lackland, D. (2010). An Evaluation of the First Ten Years of the Diabetes Imitative of South Carolina. The Journal of the South Carolina Medical Association, 106(2), 84-88.

Astronomy Final

The age of the cluster can be estimated by viewing a cluster of stars on the HR diagram in reference to where they end on the main sequence. 2. Seasonal variation of a planet depends on the frequency with which any given side of the planet changes it's position with respect to the star. For a planet like Uranus, which has a high tilt (73 deg), the same side always faces the sun and hence it's always summer on one side and winter on the other. Thus we can conclude that seasonal variation is directly related to the tilt of the planet. 3. a.Among the given planets, D has the minimum tilt – So the answer is D, which shows max seasonal variation. b. A planet will be geologically active if it has a high density, since that would assure wide vvariety of rocks and minerals and ores and less amount of hot gases; so among the planets, A has the highest density and is the most geologically active. 3. The younger surface would go to Moon A due to the fact that Moon B possesses many crater s, which are clearly visible as the picture represents (this is clearly shown by the illuminated spots).Genesis shows that the craters were developed over time. Since moon A has far less craters, this mearns it was recently formed thus making it the younger moon. 4. a. The Hubble Expansion: As the distance increases, the apparen't brightness of the object decreases meaning it becomes darker the farther away it gets. This technique determines the relative distances of ssimilar objects. In addition, a phenomenon called the Doppler effect can be used to determine the velocity of an object.The sonic Doppler effect is caused by compression of sonic wave fronts, which can be generalized to electromagnetic radiation and other wavelike phenomena. The magnitude of an object's Doppler shift is a function of its radial velocity relative to the observer. Velocities of various objects, such as stars and galaxies, have been tabulated in our vicinity. An almost straight line with positive slope wa s obtained when the distance was plotted for various galaxies against their velocities. This shows us that the farther away an object is, the greater the velocity.This lends support to the Big Bang theory–if the universe does indeed expand in a manner consistent with the Big Bang model, then two objects that are close to each other should have smaller relative velocities than in comparison with distant objects. b. Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB): This is the result of theorized energetics, which was discovered in 1965 by Penzias and Wilson. Their discovery showed microwave radiation emanating from all directions in our observable locality of the universe. As predicted by the Big Bang Model, the universe is filled with plasma at high temperatures.As a result, hydrogen can only exit as plasma with an ambient temperature of about 3000K. c. Primordial abundance of light elements: This is the observed abundance of elements in the universe. Examinations through the spectra of var ious objects shows us that helium makes up about 23% of observable mass in the universe, which is entirely too large to be accounted for by stellar fusion. Since stellar nucleosynthesis makes the abundance of lighter nuclei hard to explain, the Big Bang model theorizes that the nuclei were created during the fierce explosion. . Due to the numerous negative effects on the body, human space travel remains physiologically difficult. Many of these affects are due to long-term weightlessness. Examples include: muscle atrophy, skeletal deterioration, slowing of cardiovascular functions, red blood cell production decrease, balance disorders, and weakening of the immune system. In addition, without the appropriate protection, space exposure becomes a sever threat due to the environmental differences between space and earth – especially the lack of oxygen and pressure.Interstellar space travel consists of many problems, which makes human travel extremely difficult – even in the future. One problem is the amount of fuel needed for long-duration flights. In addition, we have to worry about the damaging effects of galactic radiation. Also consider the loneliness and boredom of generations of humans spending their entire lives aboard a spacecraft. In order to get to the nearest star system beyond our Solar System (Alpha Centauri), we would have to travel 4. 3 ly with a constant flight velocity of 50 km/s; which is roughly about 25,000 years.Although that velocity would allow us to escape the Solar System, it would still take 250 centuries to reach our closest star system. It is very unlikely that humans will be able to equip themselves with the technology, at least anytime soon, to make contact with extraterrestrial life. Even if we took into account the many factors in the Drake equation, galactic civilizations are probably spread out like small islands tthroughout space. Even if the average lifetime of extraterrestrial civilizations is 1 million years, our most optimistic estimates suggest that each is separated by ~300 ly.Additionally, thousands of sorties would have to be launched toward candidate star systems for any hope of successful extraterrestrial contact. In summary, although it may never become feasible, interstellar space flight is both uneconomical and impractical now and anytime in the foreseeable future. 6. Galileo Galilei was a very influential astronomer because he defended his beliefs in a time when the Roman Inquisition was in power. Galileo defended his idea of heliocentrism against the Inquisition and was put on house arrest. This did not stop him from doing what he loved.While on house arrest, he made observations and continued his work. His contributions to astronomy include the discovery of three moons of Jupiter, the idea that the nature of each planet is unique, identification of sunspots, and his continued examinations of the Milky Way and sea tides. 7. As of March 23, 2012, 763 exoplanets (extrasolar) within our Milky Way have been discovered by satellites such as the Kepler. Consequently, these satellites have been flying through space, uncovering hundreds of new planets within our galaxy.Recently, two planets (Kepler 62e and 62f) have been discovered, which orbit a sun ssimilar to ours but cooler. These planets are at just the right distance that allows water to remain liquid – an essential must for a planet to support life. In addition, these planets are very ssimilar to the size of Earth. Because of their size and orbits, it is highly likely that they are either rocky or watery. The two planets are located 1,200 light-years away in a five-planet system orbiting a star dubbed Kepler-62. 8. The milky is a flat disk surrounded by a halo with a bulge at the center.Within the disk, lay clouds of gas and dust that amount to around 15% of the mass of stars. Although we cannot see the nucleus due to all the scattered dust – radio, infrared, and x-ray telescopes allow us to se e through the dust and show us that the core contains a dense swarm of gas and stars and a massive black hole. A majority of the gas and dust clouds lie within the disk. In addition, bright stars gather into spiral arms winding in an outward direction. The location of our solar system is about 26,000 ly from the center, lying on the inner edge of the spiral arm. 9. D C B A

Economy Taxes are Good Especially at the Macroeconomic...

Taxes– the word which sent ripple effects once the mind interpreted the word. A surcharge, something paid above and beyond the good you’re paying for. At times one might burst boughs of anger in coloured word as your initial calculations on what you were going to pay are wrong. Wait a minute, those taxes are working for us– or are they? If you look at the economy at a macro level, it doesn’t take a genius to see that taxes are generally good. When looking at the expenditure approach GDP=C+I+G+Nx hence one can conclude that an increase in G equates a higher GDP. That conclusion isn’t without merit, (See Fig. 12.) however, it certainly has it’s flaws. Jean-Franà §ois Minardi, attempts to challenge this global approach in his economic note ‘The Unintended Consequences of Taxes on Tobacco,Alcohol and Gambling’. Attacking what really make’s up these so called ‘Sin Taxes’ he says â€Å"Sin taxes are presented as a way of increasing government revenue while simultaneously helping reduce consumption of targeted products.[..]if the first is achieved and consumption of these products starts to decline, this will lead to a reduction in government tax receipts.1† Indicated that if the motive of the government was indeed to reduce consumption, they’d subsequent ly want to decrease GDP. Looking at the same model. A decrees in consumer spending not only directly effects GDP but also effects the governments revenues which in turn effects their spending power, thus ultimately lower GDP evenShow MoreRelatedFactors That Affect The Value Of An Economy1262 Words   |  6 Pagesvariables or characteristics employed to estimate the health or strength of an economy, known as macroeconomic variables. This can include the following: The Inflation Rate It is referred to as the constant rate of change in the price level in the economy. Many economies encounter positive rates of inflation yearly (Sommers, 2005). Mostly, the price level is usually measured by a price index, which evaluates the price level of goods and services at a particular point in time. Again, the number of items containedRead MoreNotes On Macroeconomic Policy And Monetary Policy974 Words   |  4 PagesReorienting macroeconomic policy Feb 12th 2010, 16:33 by S.D. | WASHINGTON This article is written from a positive standpoint it also discusses Blanchard and Co.s list of the oversights and mistakes of Great Moderation macroeconomics and macro policy. Which include some items I will discuss such as: fiscal policy, monetary policy, monetary policy focused exclusively on inflation and used only one target the policy rate, and financial regulation was in its own silo, outside the macro policy frameworkRead More The Circular Flow Model Accompanied by Reverse Flows Essay1115 Words   |  5 Pagesthe resource market, households, product market, businesses, and the government. Macroeconomics - The study of the aggregate (total) Behavior of the whole economy. Macroeconomics Aggregates: - Unemployment rate: Percent of people in the labor force is not working but searching for work. - Inflation rate: Percent rise in the average price of all goods and services. - GDP: Dollar value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given year; output A Market isRead MoreCircular Flow of Economics1138 Words   |  5 Pagesof the resource market, households, product market, businesses, and the government. Macroeconomics - The study of the aggregate (total) Behavior of the whole economy. Macroeconomics Aggregates: - Unemployment rate: Percent of people in the labor force is not working but searching for work. - Inflation rate: Percent rise in the average price of all goods and services. - GDP: Dollar value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given year; output A Market is an institutionRead MoreEssay on Macroeconomics Stability1407 Words   |  6 Pagesabove statement that macroeconomic stability as well as building long-term growth have been critical in the success of these countries. What is macroeconomics stability Macroeconomics stability refers to sustainable economic growth, low and stable inflation, low and stable unemployment and a sustainable balance of payments (BOP) position. These are the four goals that are important for any country to maintain macroeconomic stability. These are measured by key macroeconomic indicators such as GDPRead MoreWhy Is Economics So Vital For Any Sovereign Nation?878 Words   |  4 Pagesa social science that determines how well a civilized nation operates through financial policy, productions of goods and services, and jobs. Frequently in political speeches politicians stress how imperative it is to reduce unemployment and repair a failing economy. I always thought to myself, what were the underlying causes of these issues and how are they resolved? With macroeconomics you can get a basic understating of concepts that deal with unemployment, inflation, business cycles, taxationRead MoreMacroeconomic Theories Of Macroeconomics And Classical Economics999 Words   |  4 Pages Macroeconomics is a branch of economics dealing with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of an economy as a whole, rather than individual markets. This includes national, regional, and global economies. With microeconomics, macroeconomics is one of the two most general fields in economics. There are two major macroeconomic theories that economists use to describe the economy. Those theories are Keynesian and Classical. Each theory has a different approach to the economic studyRead MoreDo Fiscal and Monetary Policy Stimulate the Economy? Essays1467 Words   |  6 Pages Constant changes in market economies make it nearly impossible to maintain a constant level of economic activity. Fluctuations are the heart of market economies; market economies cannot exist without them. These fluctuations can be described as the business cycle, and like every cycle there are a series of events that construct these phases. The business cycle consists of three phases, expansion (until peak point is reached), a decreasing point into recession, and a rebound from recession to recoveryRead MoreMacroeconomic Objectives Of The Malaysian Economy1542 Words   |  7 PagesFour macroeconomic objectives In this section I will be discussing how well does Malaysia manage to achieve the four macroeconomic objectives which are; high and stable economic growth, low unemployment, low inflation and avoidance of large balance of trade deficit. One of the ways that Malaysia’s economy plan to reach the goals of high and stable economic growth is by implementing a fiscal consolidation â€Å"The Malaysian government has embarked on fiscal consolidation† (Ratings and Investment InformationRead MoreUnited States Military Academy : Causes And Effect1346 Words   |  6 PagesCoddling the Super-Rich† proposes increasing taxes on the zenith socioeconomic class will respite levy burdens on working class Americans, however it fails to recognize various negative effects such as over-inflation and decreasing consumption. Buffett’s suggestion to increase taxes on the rich would result in an overpriced economic climate; making it harder for underprivileged to purchase goods at r easonable costs, suiting their wages. While it is certainly in good faith that Warren Buffett recommends taxing

Participatory Development - 802 Words

Golooba-Mutebi’s report on decentralization and popular participation in Uganda highlights the shortcomings of participatory development. He traces the development path followed within the primary health care sector and concludes that decentralization and popular participation have failed to correct the short comings thought to have been a result of the top-down political system previously in place. He does not support the top-down approach and acknowledges its shortcomings, but argues that decentralization fails to correct them. Enthusiasts of participatory development stress empowerment and accountability. Golooba-Mutebi correctly argues that the transfer of power does not necessarily lead to empowerment, and that local level†¦show more content†¦Many educated Doctors refused to take direction from their uneducated counterparts. As a result the, participatory development failed to increase accountability. I do, however, question Golooba-Mutebi emphasis on participatory development. Undoubtedly, Uganda pursued a set of reforms based on a platform of decentralization and popular participation. These ideologies influenced and dictated the actions taken, and ultimately failed at meeting their objectives. However, Golooba-Mutebi correctly identified the underlying cause, the weak state. On several different occasions within his study he makes note that the primary health care sector suffered from the same shortcomings under centralized rule. The failure of decentralized, participatory development does not necessarily mean that participatory development itself failed. Rather, a lack of resources and education directly impacted on the effectiveness of both centralized and decentralized planning and development. This is not to imply that these ideologies do not contain their own sets of shortcomings (as history has shown, centralized development is wrought with tyranny, and as Cooke argues, i t isShow MoreRelatedParticipatory Ict Developments During The Agricultural Sector935 Words   |  4 PagesTanzania, an agrarian country has ARIs in place for the purpose of strengthening the development of agriculture through the provision of science-based agricultural research innovation generation and improved farm practices. It is through participatory approaches, researchers from ARIs provide agricultural information services for enhancing farmers to make rational decisions concerning agricultural production and post-harvest practices (Mtega and Malekani, 2009). The use of ICTs in dissemination andRead MoreChildhood Development Through Active And Participatory Socialization1393 Words   |  6 PagesChildhood can be explained as an early stage of life in which there is the existence of development through active and participatory socialization. The stage of childhood only began to exist post fifteenth and sixteenth century; children used to be considered miniature adults (James , p. 16). Once children were removed from the adulthood designation, the attitudes of parents also began to change; they began coddling their children. Prior to the fifteenth century, children were expected to performRead MoreThe Issue Of Land Rights, Livelihoods And Participatory Development2481 Words   |  10 PagesIn recent times, the issue of land rights, livelihoods and participatory development has been emphasized as a key justification for the application of the ‘rights-based’ approach to development in many developing regions. However, the process of implementing a rights-based approach entails a number of political costs, comprising: the costs of ensuring that social rights are effectively enforced, and the related cost of encouraging the state to intervene on behalf of poor and vulnerable groups inRead MoreThe Public Sphere : An Encyclopedia Article Essay1683 Words   |  7 Pagesof Habermas’s utopian vision of the public sphere to argue that the pa rticipatory culture Web 2.0 introduced has transformed the notion of journalism while reflecting real-world inequalities and eliminating democracy in the process. The paper will be concluded with recommendations to creating an enabling environment for the media to make a positive contribution to democratic development. Habermas traces the historical development of the public sphere from the late 16th and 17th centuries up untilRead MoreThe Design Method For Older People3151 Words   |  13 Pagesolder people emerged in the market. Funding bodies also realized the importance of this topic and are tilting toward this topic [13]. By synthesizing the literature, two design methods and three techniques will be discussed in the following. Participatory design, as a common design method for older people, and â€Å"User Sensitive Inclusive Design† suggested by Newell et al. will be discussed. Newell et al. recommend that design process can be more effective if involve older people in the design processRead MoreThe World Of Empowerment : The Materialistic Component1221 Words   |  5 Pagesis neglected is the fact that the state’s legitimate authority and its capacity can determine the prosperity of the civil society (Mercer, 1999). When the state lacks sufficient capacity, the ability to set the foundation for economic growth and development, that deficiency tampers with the civil society s ability to institutionalize and thrive (Smith and Muetzelfeldt, 2000). The diversion of funding from the donor community away from states towards NGOs threatens state power and legitimacy (MercerRead MoreHarts La dder of Participation3012 Words   |  13 PagesCritically analyse Hart’s Ladder of Participation. What are the types of decisions children and young people can be involved in, and what is the link between the children and the adults when the participatory approach is put into practice? When should adults be more active in guiding children, and when should they step back and allow the children to work autonomously? Roger Hart (1992) developed a model, the Ladder of participation, which is made up from eight steps, each step indicate increasingRead MoreArticle Review: â€Å"If I Killed You, I’d Get the Kids: Women’s Survival and Protection Work with Child Custody and Access in the Context of Woman Abuse† 1244 Words   |  5 Pagesresearchers, including a social action group, collaboratively conducted the entire article in two adjacent suburban communities in Western Canada (Varcoe Irwin, 2004, p. 78). More so, the data of the research study, which was particularly based on Participatory Action Research, was collected between 2000 and 2002 (Varcoe Irwin, 2004 , p. 78). At the time, the legislation governing post-divorce child support and divorce sought to be revised by the Canadian federal government (Varcoe Irwin, 2004, p.Read MoreParticipatory Action Research And Practice1616 Words   |  7 Pages Evaluate the claim that participatory action research, by engaging in the development of policy and practice, empowers marginalised groups. (1500 words limit) Presented by Brigid Kent 11/04/2015 Participatory action research (PAR) is a process in which real people are included in the research of a project because they can bring further insight to the research and help make the policy more relative to the marginalised group being researched. Participation is defined as ‘taking part’ and ‘makingRead MoreCommunity Revitalization As A Research Problem Essay4138 Words   |  17 Pagesof being 4. Delivery/Destiny – stage in which gaps can be filled and implementation can be tentatively kicked off MacDonald (2012) mentions the challenges of participatory action in that† The first challenge relates to the diversity in meanings of PAR, and the interchangeable use of terms such as ‘action research,’ ‘PAR,’ and ‘participatory research.’ â€Å" MacDonald (2012) continues that â€Å"this may be confusing for novice researchers and others first learning this type of research approach.† MacDonald